Cấu Trúc và Bài Tập Câu Điều Kiện Loại 3

Tiếp nối câu điều kiện 1 và 2, câu điều kiện loại 3 là một phần ngữ pháp rất thông dụng trong tiếng Anh. Trong bài viết này, tôi sẽ giúp các bạn tìm hiểu toàn bộ về cấu trúc, cách sử dụng cũng như cung cấp một số bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 để luyện tập và nắm vững kiến thức.

1. Tóm tắt kiến thức về câu điều kiện loại 3

1.1 Cấu trúc

Câu điều kiện loại 3, hay còn gọi là câu điều kiện giả định trong quá khứ, diễn tả hành động hoặc sự việc được tưởng tượng ra và không đúng với thực tế trong quá khứ. Cấu trúc của câu điều kiện loại 3 luôn gồm 2 mệnh đề: mệnh đề if và mệnh đề chính (có thể đổi vị trí cho nhau).

Cấu trúc: If + S + past perfect, S + would have + past participle

Ví dụ:

• If Cindy hadn’t been sick last Friday, she would have joined your party. (Nếu Cindy không bị ốm vào thứ sáu tuần trước, cô ấy đã đến dự buổi tiệc của bạn.)
• If Sarah had reminded me, I wouldn’t have forgotten the umbrella. (Nếu Sarah nhắc tôi, tôi đã không quên mất cái ô.)

1.2 Cách dùng

• Dùng để diễn tả giả thiết về hành động hoặc sự việc không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
  Ví dụ: If I had met David yesterday, I would have asked him about the project. (Nếu có gặp David hôm qua, tôi đã hỏi anh ấy về dự án rồi.) (Thực tế không gặp David nên hành động “hỏi về dự án” không xảy ra.)

• Cấu trúc “What would you have done if…?” được sử dụng để hỏi ý kiến, suy nghĩ của ai đó về một tình huống giả tưởng trong quá khứ.
  Ví dụ: “What would you have done if you hadn’t passed the exam?” (Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bản thân không đậu kỳ thi?)

• Thể hiện sự hối hận về hành động hoặc sự việc đã diễn ra trong quá khứ với cấu trúc “If I had known…”
  Ví dụ: If I had known that book is boring, I wouldn’t have bought it to give you. (Nếu biết quyển sách đó không hay, tôi đã không mua nó để tặng bạn.)

• Diễn tả sự việc có thể xảy ra trong quá khứ dù không chắc chắn với từ “might” ở mệnh đề chính.
  Ví dụ: If I had called her, she might have given me a second chance. (Nếu tôi gọi điện, biết đâu cô ấy sẽ cho tôi một cơ hội làm lại.)

• Diễn tả ý muốn, dự định có khả năng thực hiện với từ “could” nếu điều kiện xảy ra.
  Ví dụ: If I had enough time, I could have finished this project perfectly. (Nếu tôi có đủ thời gian, tôi đã có thể hoàn thành dự án này một cách tốt nhất.)

1.3 Biến thể câu điều kiện loại 3

a. Biến thể mệnh đề if

• Dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn trong mệnh đề điều kiện if khi muốn nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động. Cấu trúc: If + S + had + been + V-ing, S + would + have + V-ed/V3
  Ví dụ: If John hadn’t been looking for his dog, he wouldn’t have been late for school. (Nếu John không mải kiếm con chó, anh ấy đã không muộn học.)

• Có thể thay mệnh đề “IF” bằng các cụm từ “BUT FOR/ WITHOUT/ HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR”, với nghĩa là “nếu không vì”. Cấu trúc:
  But for/ Without/ Had not it been for + N, S + would + have + V-ed/V3

Ví dụ: If Jack hadn’t helped us with this job, we couldn’t have finished it by tomorrow.
=> Had it not been for Jack’s help, we couldn’t have finished this job by tomorrow. (Nếu Jack không giúp, chúng ta không thể hoàn thành công việc này trước ngày mai.)

b. Biến thể mệnh đề chính

• Dùng thì tiếp diễn trong mệnh đề chính. Cấu trúc: If + S + had + V-ed/V3, S + would + have + been + V-ing
  Ví dụ: If Linh had been there, we would have been dancing together. (Nếu Linh ở đó, chúng tôi có lẽ đã cùng nhau khiêu vũ.)

1.4 Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện loại 3

Cấu trúc đảo ngữ: Had + S + V-ed/V3, S + would + have + V-ed/V3
Ví dụ: If he had gone to the bar last night, he would have seen Lily. (Nếu tối hôm qua anh ta đến quán bar thì đã gặp được Lily)
=> `Had he gone to the bar last night, he would have seen Lily.

2. Bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 kèm đáp án

Bài tập 1. Chia dạng đúng cho động từ trong ngoặc

1. If I had known Jack was in the hospital, I ____(go) to see him.
2. I didn’t see Anna in the park yesterday. If I had seen her, I ____(come) to talk to her.
3. My mother didn’t go to the supermarket last night. She ____(buy) food if she had not been so tired.
4. She ____(not close) the door if her brother had not disturbed her.
5. The river’s view was wonderful. If I had bought a camera, I ____(take) some pictures of it.
6. She was not hungry. If she had been hungry, she ____(eat) some bananas.
7. If Linda had gone to the university, she ____(be) happy to join the art club.
8. If you had given a correct number to me, I ____(find) her much easier.
9. If I had saved enough money, I ____(buy) a big boat to travel.
10. We ____(go) for the picnic yesterday if the weather had been sunny.

Đáp án:

1. would have gone
2. would have come
3. would have bought
4. wouldn’t have closed
5. would have taken
6. would have eaten
7. would have been
8. would have found
9. would have bought
10. would have gone

Bài tập 2. Chia dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc, sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3

1. If you ____(study) hard for the test, you ____(pass) it with flying colors.
2. If you ____(ask) me from the very start, I ____(help) you immediately.
3. If they ____(go) to the bar, they ____(see) my friend Lily.
4. If you ____(speak) English, she ____(understand) your feeling.
5. If they ____(listen) to me, they ____(be) home earlier.
6. I ____(write) you a letter if I ____(know) your address.
7. If I ____(not/break) my arm, I ____(take part) in the contest.
8. If it ____(not/ start) to rain, we ____(walk) to the church.
9. We ____(swim) in the sea if ____there (not/ be) so many dangers there.
10. If she ____(take) the train, she ____(arrive) on time.

Đáp án:

1. had studied – would have passed
2. had asked – would have helped
3. had gone – would have seen
4. had spoken – could have understood
5. had listened – would have been
6. would have written – had known
7. hadn’t broken – would have taken part
8. hadn’t started – would have walked
9. would have swum – hadn’t been
10. had taken – would have arrived

Bài tập 3. Chọn câu trả lời đúng trong các câu sau

1. I wasn’t thirsty. I didn’t drink grape juice.
   A. If I was thirsty, I would drink grape juice.
   B. If I had been thirsty, I would’ve drunk grape juice.
   C. If I would have been thirsty, I drank grape juice.

2. I didn’t know Kai was in town. I didn’t call him for dinner.
   A. If I had known Kai was in town, I would have called him for dinner.
   B. I had called Kai for dinner if I had know he was in town.
   C. I would have called Kai for dinner if I have known he was in town.

3. I didn’t know watching this material was useful for our exam, so I didn’t watch it.
   A. If I knew this material was useful, I had watched it.
   B. If I would have known this material was useful, I had watched it.
   C. If I had known this material was useful, I would’ve watched it

4. I used to walk home from the bar. My boyfriend was too drunk to drive at that time.
   A. I hadn’t walked home from the bar if my boyfriend wasn’t too drunk to drive.
   B. I wouldn’t have walked home from the bar if my boyfriend hadn’t been too drunk to drive.
   C. I wouldn’t have walked home from the bar if my boyfriend had been too drunk to drive.

5. I didn’t go to the mall. I thought it closed at 5pm. In fact, it closed at 7pm.
   A. If I had known the mall closed at 7pm, I would’ve gone.
   B. If I knew the mall would have closed at 7pm, I would’ve gone.
   C. I would’ve gone to the mall if I know it had closed at 7pm.

6. I ate the cake in the fridge. I thought it was mine, not yours.
   A. If I would have known the cake was yours, I wouldn’t have eaten it.
   B. If I had known the cake was yours, I wouldn’t have eaten it.
   C. I hadn’t eaten the cake if I knew it was yours.

7. I am really hungry now. I didn’t have any breakfast.
   A. If I had some breakfast, I wouldn’t be hungry now.
   B. If I would had had some breakfast, I wouldn’t be hungry now.
   C. If I had had some breakfast, I wouldn’t be hungry now.

8. I didn’t see Sana at the party. I wanted to talk to her about the vacation in Japan.
   A. If I saw Sana at the party, I would’ve spoken to her about the vacation in Japan.
   B. If I had seen Sana at the party, I would’ve spoken to her about the vacation in Japan.
   C. If I would have seen Sana at the party, I would’ve spoken to her about the vacation in Japan.

9. I didn’t forget Ren’s birthday because Anna reminded me about Ren’s birthday.
   A. If Anna hadn’t reminded me about Ren’s birthday, I would have forgotten his birthday.
   B. If Anna reminded me about Ren’s birthday, I wouldn’t have forgotten his birthday.
   C. If Anna wouldn’t have reminded me about Ren’s birthday, I would have forgotten his birthday.

10. Irene didn’t buy the blue skirt because she didn’t have enough money.
    A. If Irene had enough money, she would have bought the blue skirt.
    B. If Irene would have had enough money, she would have bought the blue skirt.
    C. If Irene had had enough money, she would have bought the blue skirt.

Đáp án:

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C

Hy vọng với phần kiến thức được tổng hợp trên đây, các bạn đã nắm bắt được cấu trúc, cách dùng phù hợp của câu điều kiện loại 3. Hãy rèn luyện thêm phần ngữ pháp này qua các bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 có sẵn trong bài viết.

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